Heritage of the African Rifts
In the early 1960s-70s, Paleontologist made discovery near the borders of Kenya and Tanzania. Grant Johannsen found the skeleton of the earliest human being that was 2.5 million years old. They gave her the name Lucy because the song that was playing at the moment of her discovery was the Beatle’s song called “Lucy in the Diamond”. Human species spread from African over the rest of the world. Historians have concluded that the Nile River remained the avenue in later times for the spread of the anti-humanoid epidemic, from medieval plague to modern AIDS. Lucy’s homeland is the starting point of human society and the starting point of disease that threatens the existence of humanity. The West Nile virus that threatened New York City and Long Island in the summer of 1999 and 2000 originated in East African and in the West Nile district of Uganda. Theses disease originated in Easy African because there was more living organism (Lucy’s type) located there than anywhere in the world.
The most deadly pandemics are smallpox, Gonorrhea and bubonic plague. Smallpox wiped 9 million Native Americans in México. Historians believe that it originated from the black hole in Central Asia or East Africa. Gonorrhea is the first sexual transmitted disease. It drifted from Central Asia or East Africa. It generated in Roman Empire which tolerated any kind of sexual intercourse including copulation with animals.
The After Math
Motifs have been used to describe the life style during the Black Death. In metaphorical construction the Black Death stands as the moon of the cold darkness, it also was the onset of harsh bared-tree autumn passing into winter. The Dance of Death in which skeletons are dancing from musky graveyard was a favorite motif of art and literature, projected the ideological anxiety of the society during the Black Death. Dance of Death exhibited pessimism, lassitude and loss of confidence. Most Historians believe that the Black Death made it possible for the renaissance and proto-modern world by breaking out old culture. “Black death was the trauma that liberated the new” (cantor 214). Black Death accelerated the decline of the serfdom; improvement demonstrated how we went from using earthenware to metal cooking pots. Black Death was good for surviving women of gentry’s class.
Religiously, the Black Death helped shift the focus on the body of Christ. It inspired the elaboration of the Corpus Christi festival. It help inspired the Christian to take the holy communion more often than once a year. The Black Death weakened the faith in traditional medieval catholic spirituality and set off a quest of human psychology and behavior and the expression of a more personal sensibility. (Inspired the Italian Renaissance), the catastrophe of the Black Death weakened the foundations of the medieval kingship.
Quote
“Black death was the trauma that liberated the new” (cantor 214).
Reaction
When most people think about the epidemic, they think about the lives that was loss, the reason that the plague started and how it is going to end. When it ends, people talk about how they can restore the civilization back to it normal state like the disaster in Japan and Haiti, buy I don’t think that it make the world a better place. It is fascinating to know that the Italian renaissance was inspired after the Black Death; it made a new civilization that became more interested in art and human than religion. This can be connected to why Shakespeare’s work can seen in human psychology.
Friday, April 22, 2011
Thursday, April 21, 2011
In the Wake of the Plague (148-184)
Jewish Conspiracy
On October 30th 1348 at chattel near Geneva, a Jews named Agiment was put to torture and later he made the confession that he poisoned the wells of the Germans. He said that on his way to Venice to buy silk, he met another rabbi that gave his the poison made from the skin of the basilisk and reptiles (spiders, frogs and snakes). The Germans also concluded that the poison was made from the heart of the Christian and fragment of the host (poison was made from the Holy- Communion). This Jewish man confessed that he poisoned the public fountain of Toulouse and the wells near the Mediterranean Sea. Because of this confession, Jews who lived from the city close to the sea to those who live in Germany were burnt alive or were killed. 3 cities did not believe that the Jews committed these crimes so they did not punish the Jewish that lives these 3 cities. The city of Strasbourg, Freiburg and Basil did not punish their Jews yet.
The citizens of these cities marched and protested that the Jews should not be allowed into the cities for the next 200 years. There was a conference held because of the protest and the authorities of these cities gave in. The Jews in these cities were burnt alive or they were expelled. If the peasants saw them, they would stab them to death or drown them. The city council of Strasbourg that wanted to save its Jews was removed from power and the council began to arrest the Jews on February the 13th. This is why February the 13th is seen as a bad day.
The people believed that the Jews started the Black Death because of their study of the Kabbalah. The Germans and other Christians believed that the Kabbalah intensified mystical and astrological content over time. They conceived that the Kabbalah which holds recipes for magic, poison and spells constituted a kind of black magic. Witchcraft in the England was connected to the Kabbalah somehow. After the death of the Jews, archbishops and clergies would take the properties of the Jews. Another belief that the Jews were responsible for the Black Death was because their population of Jews killed by the Death was the lowest in Europe.
Serpent and Cosmic Dust
Historian believed that the Black Death was caused by the bubonic Plague spread by parasites. Another infectious disease was Anthrax from cattle (Cows). The Medieval explanation of the Death was reptiles. Snakes were believed to be the cause of the poison. Study showed how England suffered 3 days of calamities, it terrified the country. This includes the rain of frogs, serpents, lizards and scorpion. Also the rain of fire and reptiles released from below the ground after earthquake. Peregrine Horden commented that in the medieval minds, mythical serpents and dragons are to a large extent interchangeable and that dragons are characterize by poisonous, pestilential breath. Also there is a story recounted by Bishop Gregory of Tours that said that a great school, of water snakes swan down the rivers to the sea in their midst was a tremendous dragon as big as a tree trunk, but the monster were drowned in the sea and their body were washed up the shore. There then followed a plague epidemic in the city. Snakes were to blame for the Black Death.
Another theory of the origin of the Black Death is from outer space. According to Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe that materials resembling organic grains falls from space resulting in an immense # of bacteria and viruses that fall each year into animals and plants. They argue that the generalized spread of Black Death with exceptionally gaps is entirely consistent with a fall of pathogens from space. “There is no marching army of plague stricken rats. The rats died in places they were” (Hoyle 181).
Quote
“Christians might well suspects that among…of the Kabbalah were arcane recipes for magic and poison and spells, that the Kabbalah constituted a king of Black Magic” (Cantor 151).
Reaction
I believe that the Jews were attact because Religiously they are chosen as God’s people and other people are trying to make them suffer. I also think that the Jewish guy was force to say what he said about the poison because in the reading not only him had confessed to the crime. The archbishops just wanted the wealth of the Jews and killing them was an easy way to take over their properties. Hitler also used this to accuse the Jews before he ordered them to the crematories.
I don’t understand how matters would fall from space unto animals and cause a plague that would wipe out a lot of people. There is not water in space so how do materials resemble organic matters able to survive up there.
I thought that it was fascinating to know that there had been conspiracy towards the Jews before the Holocaust and how both can be linked together, because of their faith and religion
On October 30th 1348 at chattel near Geneva, a Jews named Agiment was put to torture and later he made the confession that he poisoned the wells of the Germans. He said that on his way to Venice to buy silk, he met another rabbi that gave his the poison made from the skin of the basilisk and reptiles (spiders, frogs and snakes). The Germans also concluded that the poison was made from the heart of the Christian and fragment of the host (poison was made from the Holy- Communion). This Jewish man confessed that he poisoned the public fountain of Toulouse and the wells near the Mediterranean Sea. Because of this confession, Jews who lived from the city close to the sea to those who live in Germany were burnt alive or were killed. 3 cities did not believe that the Jews committed these crimes so they did not punish the Jewish that lives these 3 cities. The city of Strasbourg, Freiburg and Basil did not punish their Jews yet.
The citizens of these cities marched and protested that the Jews should not be allowed into the cities for the next 200 years. There was a conference held because of the protest and the authorities of these cities gave in. The Jews in these cities were burnt alive or they were expelled. If the peasants saw them, they would stab them to death or drown them. The city council of Strasbourg that wanted to save its Jews was removed from power and the council began to arrest the Jews on February the 13th. This is why February the 13th is seen as a bad day.
The people believed that the Jews started the Black Death because of their study of the Kabbalah. The Germans and other Christians believed that the Kabbalah intensified mystical and astrological content over time. They conceived that the Kabbalah which holds recipes for magic, poison and spells constituted a kind of black magic. Witchcraft in the England was connected to the Kabbalah somehow. After the death of the Jews, archbishops and clergies would take the properties of the Jews. Another belief that the Jews were responsible for the Black Death was because their population of Jews killed by the Death was the lowest in Europe.
Serpent and Cosmic Dust
Historian believed that the Black Death was caused by the bubonic Plague spread by parasites. Another infectious disease was Anthrax from cattle (Cows). The Medieval explanation of the Death was reptiles. Snakes were believed to be the cause of the poison. Study showed how England suffered 3 days of calamities, it terrified the country. This includes the rain of frogs, serpents, lizards and scorpion. Also the rain of fire and reptiles released from below the ground after earthquake. Peregrine Horden commented that in the medieval minds, mythical serpents and dragons are to a large extent interchangeable and that dragons are characterize by poisonous, pestilential breath. Also there is a story recounted by Bishop Gregory of Tours that said that a great school, of water snakes swan down the rivers to the sea in their midst was a tremendous dragon as big as a tree trunk, but the monster were drowned in the sea and their body were washed up the shore. There then followed a plague epidemic in the city. Snakes were to blame for the Black Death.
Another theory of the origin of the Black Death is from outer space. According to Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe that materials resembling organic grains falls from space resulting in an immense # of bacteria and viruses that fall each year into animals and plants. They argue that the generalized spread of Black Death with exceptionally gaps is entirely consistent with a fall of pathogens from space. “There is no marching army of plague stricken rats. The rats died in places they were” (Hoyle 181).
Quote
“Christians might well suspects that among…of the Kabbalah were arcane recipes for magic and poison and spells, that the Kabbalah constituted a king of Black Magic” (Cantor 151).
Reaction
I believe that the Jews were attact because Religiously they are chosen as God’s people and other people are trying to make them suffer. I also think that the Jewish guy was force to say what he said about the poison because in the reading not only him had confessed to the crime. The archbishops just wanted the wealth of the Jews and killing them was an easy way to take over their properties. Hitler also used this to accuse the Jews before he ordered them to the crematories.
I don’t understand how matters would fall from space unto animals and cause a plague that would wipe out a lot of people. There is not water in space so how do materials resemble organic matters able to survive up there.
I thought that it was fascinating to know that there had been conspiracy towards the Jews before the Holocaust and how both can be linked together, because of their faith and religion
Monday, April 18, 2011
In the wake of the plague (101- 146)
Death comes to the archbishops
Even thought ranking mattered in the medieval times the Black Death still attacked the rich people to the people, even the archbishops were victims of the Black Death. “Cleanliness is next to holiness to Godliness” did not work in this time. England was in war with France and needed strong spiritual leadership so the king appointed and called for his archbishop, John offord. Not long after he entered office the archbishop died of the plague on May 2nd 1349. His decaying body was unable to with stand pestilence. The next guy appointed to be the archbishop was Thomas Bardwardine, the morning after he arrived at his destination in Rochester, he got the high fever, and the buboes began to appear around his armpits and groins, he lingered for 5 days, and he later died of the plague. The Death of both archbishops was a blow to the royal family, the Black Death was not sparing the royal family nor England’s leading intellectuals and religious figures. Religion relating to the plague was the ninth biblical plague cattle disease and perhaps the origin of the Black Plague. The burning of the Germans Jews accused of poisoning wells and causing the Black Death. In the city of Strasbourg in 1492; Jews were because they were suspected to be responsible for the Black Death.
Women and Men of Property
90% of England’s wealth was in land, owners of these lands often go with titles like “Duke”, “Earl” or “Lord”. 30% of the lands are also owned by ecclesiastical offices and corporation. The gentry were the poorest of the class during the middle ages most of them were Knights in England. Before the Black Death, the population of the gentry was half a million and after the plague it was half it original size. The only two groups that succeeded from the Black Death were the common lawyers and the women. The Common lawyers made their money protecting, expanding and defending the gentry’s estates. Their fees were high, but no gentry’ family could not endure without their services. For common lawyers, it was not enough to know the law; they had to be expert at drawing complicating documents in a highly specialized language. The other beneficiaries were the women of the gentry’s class. The common lawyer had to protect the widows. Lords would try to take their lands because their husbands were no more and because they did not have male heir so the law stepped in and make sure that the women were properly taken care of. The Black Death resulted either from bubonic plague or anthrax. The male of the gentry would have a higher mortality rate because they worked on the farm which cattle and other animals would be infested by fleas.
Quote
"Cleanliness is next to Holiness next to Godliness" (Acts 9:32).
"The Plague was not sparing the royal family nor England's leading intellectual and religious figures"(Cantor 107).
Reaction
The The first quotes I find to be very true and yet funny because God is seen as a clean and having no sin which is why he is holy but this is untrue of the archbishops in England at this time. The religious people are also dying in this plague and yet they are seen as the only ones during the middle ages, closer to the Pope. Also ranking seems to be important, but the plague did not see any of that, it continued to kill those in its part which I thought was very interesting.
Even thought ranking mattered in the medieval times the Black Death still attacked the rich people to the people, even the archbishops were victims of the Black Death. “Cleanliness is next to holiness to Godliness” did not work in this time. England was in war with France and needed strong spiritual leadership so the king appointed and called for his archbishop, John offord. Not long after he entered office the archbishop died of the plague on May 2nd 1349. His decaying body was unable to with stand pestilence. The next guy appointed to be the archbishop was Thomas Bardwardine, the morning after he arrived at his destination in Rochester, he got the high fever, and the buboes began to appear around his armpits and groins, he lingered for 5 days, and he later died of the plague. The Death of both archbishops was a blow to the royal family, the Black Death was not sparing the royal family nor England’s leading intellectuals and religious figures. Religion relating to the plague was the ninth biblical plague cattle disease and perhaps the origin of the Black Plague. The burning of the Germans Jews accused of poisoning wells and causing the Black Death. In the city of Strasbourg in 1492; Jews were because they were suspected to be responsible for the Black Death.
Women and Men of Property
90% of England’s wealth was in land, owners of these lands often go with titles like “Duke”, “Earl” or “Lord”. 30% of the lands are also owned by ecclesiastical offices and corporation. The gentry were the poorest of the class during the middle ages most of them were Knights in England. Before the Black Death, the population of the gentry was half a million and after the plague it was half it original size. The only two groups that succeeded from the Black Death were the common lawyers and the women. The Common lawyers made their money protecting, expanding and defending the gentry’s estates. Their fees were high, but no gentry’ family could not endure without their services. For common lawyers, it was not enough to know the law; they had to be expert at drawing complicating documents in a highly specialized language. The other beneficiaries were the women of the gentry’s class. The common lawyer had to protect the widows. Lords would try to take their lands because their husbands were no more and because they did not have male heir so the law stepped in and make sure that the women were properly taken care of. The Black Death resulted either from bubonic plague or anthrax. The male of the gentry would have a higher mortality rate because they worked on the farm which cattle and other animals would be infested by fleas.
Quote
"Cleanliness is next to Holiness next to Godliness" (Acts 9:32).
"The Plague was not sparing the royal family nor England's leading intellectual and religious figures"(Cantor 107).
Reaction
The The first quotes I find to be very true and yet funny because God is seen as a clean and having no sin which is why he is holy but this is untrue of the archbishops in England at this time. The religious people are also dying in this plague and yet they are seen as the only ones during the middle ages, closer to the Pope. Also ranking seems to be important, but the plague did not see any of that, it continued to kill those in its part which I thought was very interesting.
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